law as social engineering

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SOCIAL ENGINEERING BY ROSCOE POUND

ISSUES IN LEGAL AND POLITACAL PHILOSOPHY

Submitted By: SAI ABHIPSA GOCHHAYAT PG 21005 West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences, Kolkata

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION: Man is a social animal and needs a society for his leaving, working and enjoying life . A group of individual forms a society. Society has become an essential condition for human life to develop his or her personality. Therefore society and human life always go together . Every human being has also born with some desires and expectations which are inherent in nature. From childhood to till old age, every human being expects that his or her desire is to be fulfilled for which their arise conflict of desires or claims which comes under the term -interest’. It is impossible to fulfil all the desires of a human being. So to fulfil the desires of maximum human being for the welfare of society the concept of Social Engineering was emerged and which was coined by Roscoe Pound . The force which asks for the adoption of Social engineering is nothing but the conflict of interests of individuals. Interests more particularly the conflicting interest are the subject of Social Engineering. Social engineering is based on the notion that Laws are used as a means to shape society and regulate people’s behaviour. It is an attempt to control the human conduct through the help of Law . According to Pound, -Law is social engineering which means a balance between the competing interests in society’ , in which applied science are used for resolving individual and social problems. For this purpose this paper is going to discuss about the mechanism of Law in bringing Social Engineering. This paper is divided into three parts. Part II will discuss about the object of the paper. Part III will give suggestions and conclusion.

CHAPTER II ISSUES: Conflict of interest and the order of priority – To which interest importance will be given so that balancing of interest, can be achieved for the benefit of society by sacrificing other interest and how law helps in bringing social engineering. The object of the paper is to find out how Law helps in harmonizing conflict of interests. According to Pound, Law is Social Engineering . He says that -like an engineer’s formulae, laws represent experience, scientific formulations of experience and logical developments of the formulations, also inventive skill in conceiving new devices and formulating their requirements by means of a developed technique- . He called this theory as -Theory of Social Engineering’. Here Pound has used two words i.e. -Social’ means group of individual forming a society. The second word is -Engineering’ which means applied science carried out by engineers to produce finished products which are necessary for the society and which fulfil all their needs. By combining these two words he tries to say about engineers and what they do. They use the formula which is based on continuous experimentation and experience to get the finished product by means of an instrument or device. Therefore Pound represents -experience with law’, -instrument with organs of government, -engineers with judge and lawyer’ and -finished product with the wants of human beings’ and -society with a factory’. He says that like engineers, the lawyer should apply law in a court room so that the desires of the people are fulfilled. Therefore he calls law as Social Engineering and says that the aim of Social Engineering is to build as efficient a structure of society as possible which requires the satisfaction of wants with the minimum of friction and waste. It means Law should work for balancing of competing interest within the society for the greatest benefit. In a society everybody is motivated by their own interest and wants that preference be given to his or her interest over the other. Conflicts between interests arise because of the competition of the individuals with each other, with the public in order to satisfy human wants. Therefore it is needed to recognise the interest to which law should take account . For this purpose a legal system has to i.Recognize certain interest ii.Define the limits within which such interest are to be legally recognized and given effect to it. iii.And finally the above interest should be secured. Suppose I want to stand first in the exam. It is my desire. But this desire cannot be fulfilled because there is no legal recognition as there is no state’s interest in standing first position. Therefore law has to take into account the desires which need recognition. For the purpose of satisfying human interests, Pound defined interest as -claims or wants or desires which men assert de facto about which the law must do something if organised societies are to endure’ . Pound classified various interests which are to be protected by the law under three categorise which are the following : 1.INDIVIDUAL INTERESTS: These are claims or demands involved from the stand point of the individual life which consists of interest of personality, interest in domestic relations and interest of substance. 2.PUBLIC INTEREST: These are the claims or desires asserted by the individual from the stand point of political life which means every individual in a society has a responsibility towards each other and to make the use of things which are open to public use. 3.SOCIAL INTEREST: These are the claims or demands in terms of social life which means to fulfill all the needs of a society as a whole for the proper functioning and maintenance of it. It is found that there is overlapping of interest between Public and Social Interest because both are same. Pound is silent about the overlapping of interest and discussed the problem of interests in terms of balancing of Individual Interest and Social Interest . He has classified the interest into three categories but talks about the balancing of only Individual and Social Interest. It is also found that interests are the subjects on whom law has to apply social engineering. How to evaluate the conflicting interests in due order to priority? What are the guidelines on the basis of which social engineering should be carried out? Pound’s answer by saying that every society is based on basic assumptions which help in ordering of interest . One interest is of more value than that of other and the object of law should be to satisfy the interest which is in the benefit of the maximum people. Thus these assumptions are identified as jural postulates which are based on hypothesis . According to Pound, jural postulates are not the absolute one and they keep on changing as the needs of the situation, place and time demands. In 1919, Pound summarised the postulates which every individual in civilised society must be able to take it for granted that : i.Others will not commit any intentional aggressions upon him. E.g. Assault, battery, wrongful restraint etc. ii.Others will act with due care and will not cast upon him an unreasonable risk of injury. E.g. Negligence iii.He can appropriate what he has created by his own labour and what he has acquired under existing economic order for his own use. E.g. agricultural land and usufruct as property. iv.The people with whom he deals with in the general intercourse of society will act in good faith. E.g. Defamation v.He must keep the things within his boundary and should look after those things so that their escape should not harm others. E.g. Ryland vs. Fletcher case In 1942, Pound added three new postulates in the list which are i.A person will have security as a job holder. E.g. ruled by labour law, law of contract ii.Society will bear the burden of supporting him when he becomes aged. E.g. 1/3rd concession in railway ticket, ceiling of income tax range is more. iii.And the society as a whole will bear the risk of unforeseen misfortunes such as disablement. E.g. reservation quota for physically disabled person in education, travel etc. The jural postulates are to be applied both by the legislators and judiciary for evaluating and balancing the various interests and harmonizing them. Somehow Pound has told about the procedure of evaluating interests. But he has not said anything about the interest which will be given more priority over other. Whether balance between Individual and Social Interest can be achieved or not? According to Pound, balance of competing interest means satisfaction of maximum interests with less friction and waste. It means to reconcile and adjust the social and individual interest. But in practice two interests cannot be balanced. It is also found that Pound has not given much detailed attention to the way one conflicting interest is to be compared with another. Balance can only be done only when two things are able to be compared. Here, the -balancing’ metaphor is misleading . If two interests are to be balanced, that presupposes some scale or yardstick to measure and two things should be able for comparison . For balancing of anything, mathematical calculation or ratio is the outcome. For e.g. in case of ecological balance, the amount of CO2 in terms of % is to be balanced with O2 which means reduction of CO2 by aforestation or increasing the level of O2 by aforestation so that ecological balance can be attained. Therefore balance means to upgrade one thing at par with other so that neither of the two things loses anything. As per Pound’s theory, there is a clause relating to the protection of natural environment coming under social interest. There is no doubt that every society wants a healthy environment and the factory producing nuisances and pollution needs to be closed. It is in the interest of whole public for which factory is closed and the maximum satisfaction of people is achieved. But the owner of the factory having Individual Interest suffers a lot. In this circumstance, though maximum interest of the people is satisfied with least sacrifice of individual interest of the owner but balance between Individual and Social Interest has not been achieved because one has to suffer and other has to gain. When there is a matrimonial dispute between a husband and wife and wife gets a divorce decree against her husband, in this case interest of wife prevails over the husband and balance of two Individual Interests is not there because husband has to give maintenance to wife and children for which the husband suffers a lots. Exception is in case of Divorce by Mutual Consent in which both husband and wife are satisfied with divorce decree and their individual interests are fulfilled. By above discussion it is opined that conflicting interests can be satisfied by reconciliation and adjustment and the word balance is not the appropriate one for conflicting interest. How does the satisfaction of the maximum of wants with the minimum of friction and waste can be done? Pounds theory asks for the maximum gain with least friction and waste i.e. maximum satisfaction of human wants or expectations with least sacrifice. Here Pound wants to bring social control in the society. According to him social control means satisfaction of the maximum of wants of the human being in a society. Pound says that for social control, interest is the only thing which should be taken into account and Law is a means of social control. Thus law should work for balancing of interest within the society i.e. satisfying maximum interest with least waste. Somehow this theory gives prime importance to interest of public at large over individual interest and if interpreted strictly then they may result in eliminating individual interest. Here law is not supposed to deal with individual interest but bunch of interest. The tool is given in the hands of law to set them at their right position for the maximum outcome. It is true that law and order plays an important role in a society. Law and order are carried out by the Judiciary and they keep on harmonising the conflicting interests of the individual and the public through the process of social engineering. It has been witnessed through the action of Supreme Court in Vellore Citizen’s Welfare Forum Vs. The Union of India in which Kuldip Singh J. delivered the judgment that -even if the industries are of vital importance for the countries progress as they provides employment but having regard to the pollution caused by him, the principle of -sustainable development’ has to be adopted as a balancing concept between ecology and development- . In this case the two principles emerged i.e. -precautionary principle’ and the -Polluter Pays’ principle. In a land mark case of Union Carbide Corporation vs. Union of India , the Supreme Court laid down the rule of Absolute Liability in which it was held that -where an enterprise is engaged in a hazardous or inherently dangerous activity and harm results to anyone on account of an accident in the operation of such hazardous activity, then the enterprise involved is strictly and absolutely liable to compensate to all those who are affected by the accident- . In this case regarding the compensation the Court said that the measure of compensation must be correlated to the magnitude and capacity of the enterprise because such compensation has a deterrent effect for future accident.

After this case, Central government passed an Act known as -The Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster (Registration and Processing of Claims) Act, 1985′ in which sec.5 of this Act says about the categorization and registration of claims . The various claims of the each individual relating to their own body, property and the claims arising from damage to flora and fauna were registered. Under sec11 of this Act, the quantum of compensation payable to the claimants was decided.

From this judgment it can be said that law gives first priority to social interest over individual interest of substance i.e. in conserving natural resources and in the protection of natural environment which is required by the whole public against the private individual who is the owner of the enterprise. Finally the maximum claims of the people were satisfied with least sacrifice of individual interest. By this act it can be seen that how various claims were categorized and compensation were given, which ultimately says that law is an instrument of social change.

In Deepa vs. S.I of Police It was held that the interest of society should be given paramount consideration over the individual interest of those who are running the show for profit and who are also earning livelihood by performing the cabaret dance in a hotel . It was a situation where the whole public says that the dance was obscene in the eyes of onlookers, which is an offence u/s 294 of IPC 1860. Hence it is found that Social Interest prevails over the Individual Interest. But this is not true in many cases. Social Engineering deals with as many satisfactions of human wants which means law should play an important role in bringing social change by fulfilling the interest of the society as a whole. There are also instances where individual interest has priority over social interest. According to Sec122 of Evidence Act 1872, marital communication between husband and wife which is an individual interest in domestic relation are privileged . Then Social Interest can be fulfilled by securing privilege communication (matrimonial communication) in which individual interest in connection with domestic relation is first privileged and which in turn secure the social institution of marriages.

Law has given preference to the interest of backward classes through reservation in government jobs, educational institutions, which not only hampers the interest of eligible candidate but also it hampers the interest of the public at large. By this type of law general people cannot tell that this reservation policy which comes under constitutional law is a bad law for them. Sometimes bad law becomes good law. Here Law helps in social engineering by giving special protection to the minority class having individual interests over social interests so that there can be ultimate social progress by bringing the minority class equally to the standard of upper class.

CHAPTER III CONCLUSION: By analysing this paper it is concluded that, Law plays an important role in reconciling and adjusting conflict of interests. Both the Social Interest and Individual Interest prevail over each other. Priority is given to both the interests. Roscoe Pound has given the concept of Social Engineering for the American Society but this concept is followed by other countries in resolving disputes. India has also followed the same concept in establishing a welfare society. Both Judiciary and Legislators play an important role in enacting the statutes which fulfil the various desires of human being. In this techsavvy society desires of human being grows and to fulfil their desires new policies, strategy has been developed.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.SHANKER RAO, C.N. Sociology Primary Principles. 3rd ed 2000. Published by S. Chand & Company Ltd New Delhi.

2.MAYNENI, S.R. JURISPRUDENCE (LEGAL THEORY.2nd ed reprint 2007.S.P. Gogia (Asia Law House)Hyd.

3.MAHAJAN, V.D. JURISPRUDENCE AND LEGAL THEORY.5th ed reprint 2006. Eastern Book Company. Luknow.

4. POUND ROSCOE. JURISPRUDENCE.VOL- III.2000. The Law Book Exchange Ltd.

5.MANI TRIPATHY, B.N. AN INTRODUCTION TO JURISPRUDENCE LEGAL THEORY.15th ed 2004. Allahabad Law Agency

6. FREEMAN, M.D.A THOMSON. LLOYD’S INTRODUCTION TO JURISPRUDENCE. 8th ed 2008. Reuters legal Ltd

7.PANDEY, J.N. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW OF INDIA. 42nd ed 2005.Central Law Agency Allahabad.

8.MISHRA, S.N .IPC.16th ed 2008. Central Law Publication.

A St. Louis Personal Injury Lawyer Shoulders Multiple Responsibilities

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A personal injury lawyer represents those clients who claim to have been injured either physically or psychologically. Such injuries are inflicted upon the victims as a result of either negligence or wrongdoing of other persons. The state-specific injury laws are in force in different provinces along the length and breadth of USA. Therefore, if a person has been victimized due to others’ inadvertent or deliberate action in St. Louis, he or she should seek advice from a St. Louis personal injury lawyer.

Personal injury law, known to be tort law, covers a vast horizon including economic or non-economic damages to a person’s right, fame as well as material possessions. A person, company and even a government agency may be responsible for causing damage to an innocent entity. Harsh punishment for the wrongdoer is a must to secure justice for the poor victims and their families. Help of a St. Louis personal injury lawyer is a need for a St. Louis resident who has earned injuries not owing to his faults but someone else’s.

A St. Louis injury lawyer is well-trained and licensed to practice in any filed of law but he only handles the injury related cases. Tort law applies but is not restricted to work injuries, vehicle accidents, defective products, slip and fall injuries, medical mistakes and many more.

In order to be a St. Louis injury lawyer, the ambitious students have to pass a written ‘bar examination’. Sometimes they have to appear for a written ‘ethics examination’ too. Once the injury lawyers get admission to the state bar, they have to complete some legal education courses. Such courses help them be well aware of the latest development in the legal and non-legal fields. Imbibing up-to-date knowledge in the law and related fields is what helps a St. Louis personal injury lawyer efficiently cater to the needs of his clients.

A law degree holder in St. Louis can concentrate on handling only personal injury cases. By shifting his sole attention to a specific arena of law, an injury lawyer can earn specialized knowledge and experience in that field. The injured persons, being in a deep trouble and intently waiting for justice turn to an expert St. Louis personal injury lawyer rather than rapping on the door of an jack-of-all-trades and master-of-none attorney. A St. Louis injury lawyer must complete a certification program accredited by the American Bar Association prior to starting practice as a specialist injury lawyer.

Once permitted by the state bar association to practice law, the lawyers have the full right to file legal complains, represent the injured victims in the court and argue with the opponent lawyers. A St. Louis personal injury lawyer has to shoulder multiple responsibilities to serve his clients to a T. Apart from trying utmost to tilt the verdict of the case in favor of their clients, the injury lawyers have also to conform to the ethical rules and professional codes of conduct as set by the bar association of the state. The injury lawyers, also referred to as plaintiff lawyers, interview the clients, assess their cases, go for extensive study to build up a strong case. A St. Louis injury lawyer is a trusted personality to ensure justice for his plaintiffs and also secure the just amount of compensation they deserve.

How To Know If You Need A Lawyer

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For many individuals, it can be difficult to know whether a lawyer is needed or not. Sometimes it is obvious. If you have been charged with a crime and can afford to hire an attorney, it is a good idea to do so. If you have been a victim of a civil crime and need to prosecute the offenders, representation will be extremely helpful. Crimes like these can include situations of wrongful death, workers’ compensation or discrimination, or cases of larceny and other crimes.

You’ll find that there are some situations where it’s unclear whether an attorney is necessary. For example, if you have a dispute with a neighbor that continues for many years, is a lawyer necessary? What if you are undergoing a divorce? Do you need an attorney to help you file for bankruptcy? What about rendering your will and estate planning? What if you get a parking ticket or are brought to civil court by someone else? Attorneys are skilled at navigating all of these areas, but are they necessary? We’ll help you determine this.

The first thing to consider when determining whether you need an attorney to proceed is how much money is involved. You’ll need one if the situation involves a considerable amount of cash or other valuables, or if you have a lot invested in the outcome of the case. The more liability involved, the more likely it is that you need to hire a professional attorney. They can take on the responsibility and give you invaluable perspectives regarding your situation, which can help you make positive choices.

In some cases, individuals may think that hiring a lawyer will make a situation more complicated and confusing. But in many situations, the opposite is true. An experienced professional in the legal field can help clarify any questions you may have and give you specific details of the laws, as they apply to your particular case. This is often more effective than any other method for finding out legal information. Particularly, when it comes to the law, there are many variations depending on the location and the situation. By receiving focused, unbiased advice, you can often resolve a situation faster than you could have if you hadn’t hired an attorney.

So, if you are unsure whether a lawyer is right for you, start with researching the local offerings of attorneys in your area. Ask for advice from friends and family, so that you can find someone who is has experience. Don’t be afraid to ask for specifics about rates. Then, you can calculate a financial decision. You will be confident that you are making the right choice

Have you been charged with a crime? Find more information about an experienced Midland lawyer on our site. .

What Is The Role Of The Federal Government In Criminal Law

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Criminal law is an area of law that is normally reserved to the states. The federal government pursues its own investigations in cases that are primarily interstate criminal operations and often work with the specific states in large investigations, but the federal government prosecution always reigns supreme in any criminal charge. If the federal government deems that a legal issue is solely a jurisdictional responsibility for the state, then the state case normally is allowed to proceed.

If an investigation is extensive across a significant number of state boundaries the charges are then filed in federal district court in the federal judicial offices nearest to the illegal activity. Federal charges are adjudicated by different sentencing and conviction guidelines and the dispensation of punishment is different in terms of probation and parole. Federal sentencing guidelines normally require at least some level of incarcerated punishment, but this is not always the case. In the event that the defendant has had convictions in the past, the eligibility for probation is significantly compromised. There are situations where judges can exercise judicial latitude when the threat to public safety is low. Rarely are cases totally dismissed.

The majority of all criminal convictions are delivered in state courts, primarily because no one lives “federally.” Though the perpetrators are in the United States, everyone has a local state residence also and the prosecuting police agency determines the court of jurisdiction by location of the criminal incident. There are some situations where actions in a state are deemed legal by state statute, but unlawful by federal law. The most common example of this occurrence is the medical marijuana movement across the nation. The Department of Justice is currently initiating a program of prosecuting medical marijuana dispensaries in states that have decriminalized marijuana possession based on medical need, claiming sovereignty over state statute by virtue of the federal contraband status of marijuana possession and sale.

Additionally, prosecution conflicts can occur when federal authorities enter into plea agreements with defendants that preclude any state prosecutions at the lower court level. This can be highly problematic for state judicial systems because these cases often include white-collar corporate crimes where the states would also have the standing to sue the defendant in civil court on behalf of victims in their states who were involved, often unbeknownst to the victim until it is too late.

A primary example of this situation is the current plea arrangement being sought in federal court by a number of banks under prosecution by the Securities Exchange Commission. The agreement being sought by the defendants and the SEC would suppress any consequent inferior state prosecutions and eliminate the civil tort standing of the actual victims of the crime. Federal law is sovereign to state law because of state incorporation to the non-governmental guarantees provided in the U. S. Constitution.

Considering the Best St Louis Child Support Attorney

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While couples are on the verge of separation, they need to look into different aspects like child custody and child support. In order to do the right thing and in the right manner, make sure one hires the best child support attorney.

Parents have a major responsibility towards their children and when the couple is planning to separate, it gets even more essential to talk about it. For parents who are opting for a joint representation, they can visit the chosen child support attorney at the same time and discuss the various factors pertaining to the child custody and support. Of course, this works smoothly if the couple to be separated is on the same page and agrees to everything without having any problems. However, if there is some kind of misunderstanding or disagreement, it surely takes another route altogether and in such cases; mostly couples opt for a different attorney. Regardless of whether one is sharing the attorney or going solo, the point is that one must settle for the best child support attorney in St Louis. By all means, there is a need to invest some time and effort in the research process because there have been times when people made random decisions pertaining to attorneys and it didn’t quite work well in their favor. So, take a wise decision and settle for the right attorney. Use as many sources and resources one can in order to gather information, and choose the best attorney accordingly. y.

Discuss Child Support Considerations

When the parents are not planning to live under the same roof, there are certain legal duties and responsibilities that they need to follow in order to support the child. Whether the parents have their share of differences or not, the bottom line is that they need to support the child and the attorney here helps bring the different considerations on the table. It is quite true that most clients wouldn’t be acquainted with what the legal requirements are and to be on the right side, doing the legal thing, they must make sure to actually go about knowing everything that needs to be done, which of course comes under the legal purview.

Clarify on all the Doubts

It so happens that some parents just go with the flow and settle for anything and everything that is put forth before them. As much as they are catering to the best interest of their child, they must make sure that they are aware of just what the chosen St Louis child support attorney is doing. Most attorneys ensure that they have the clients on the same page as they are; however, one must be proactive from their end as well.

Author Bio:

James Stew is conveying information about St Louis divorce attorney

Chapter 7 Bankruptcy Lawyer Know The Basics Before You Talk To An Attorney

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If you are considering attempting to start over financially, you should talk to a chapter 7 bankruptcy lawyer to find out if this is the best route for you. Not everyone is eligible for this method of getting rid of past debt, nor is it the ideal option for everyone. While there are certainly advantages of this route, there are also drawbacks. Talk to an experienced attorney today to find out more.

One of the first details that you will discuss with a chapter 7 bankruptcy lawyer is whether you are eligible. Your income, expenses, and the amount of assets that you have will be investigated to ensure that they meet the average qualifications for this route. If it turns out that you make more than the average family in your state, you will likely not be able to file this type of bankruptcy. You will need to use chapter 13 instead, in which you will create a payment plan to repay all your creditors at least some of the money you owe.

If you are approved to take this route, you will need to give your attorney a list of items. This typically includes the names and contact information of all your creditors, the amount you owe each one, a list of the property you own, monthly expenses, and the amount and frequency of your income every month. You may be relieved to find out that once you file the petition to start this process, and begin working with your chapter 7 bankruptcy lawyer, your creditors cannot contact you. This means no more bothersome phone calls or threatening letters.

At this time, a trustee will take over your nonexempt property so that he can sell it off. The proceeds will go to pay some of your creditors so that they at least get some of the money you owe them. Talk to your chapter 7 bankruptcy lawyer to find out what property is exempt from being sold, as you can usually keep some of your assets during this time.

Now that you have an idea of what will occur during this process, you can decide whether this is the right option for you. Not everyone will be okay with selling nonexempt property, in which case they may wish to find another way to become debt-free. Talking to an attorney can help you decide the pathway that is best for you and your family so that you are not only debt-free in the end, but also satisfied with the outcome.

If you are in need of a chapter 7 bankruptcy lawyer Kansas City is home to a professional who can offer you the debt relief you need. For more information, visit:

Car Insurance and Medical Expenses

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Car Insurance and Medical Expenses

Are you planning to purchase auto insurance? If so, you should consider the importance of having coverage that will protect you if you or someone in your vehicle becomes injured. Although every state requires drivers to carry liability insurance that will cover the medical expenses of those injured in an accident that is your fault, that doesnt mean you will be covered if the accident is your fault. Therefore, you want to make certain you have plenty of coverage to cover your medical needs as well.

Covering the Injuries of Others

Auto Insurance Medical Coverage is one form of medical coverage you will have with your car insurance policy. With this type of insurance coverage, the injuries of others involved in the car accident are covered. No matter who is at fault, your passengers and any pedestrians involved in the accident are certain to have their medical expenses covered. Having this insurance in place is important because the person who causes the accident may not have proper coverage or may not have enough coverage. With this insurance in place, you can take comfort in knowing that your medical expenses will be covered.

You might think that it is not necessary to have this coverage in place because you already have medical insurance. In many states, however, medical insurance coverage does not pay for medical expenses resulting from car accidents. In addition, your medical insurance may not provide enough coverage for your expenses. With Auto Insurance Medical Coverage in place, you can be certain you will be covered.

Covering Expenses Associated with Injuries

In most cases, Auto Insurance Medical Coverage only covers the medical expenses that you incur as the result of an accident. In some cases, expenses associated with lost wages may also be covered with this insurance coverage, but that is not necessarily the case. In order to make certain other expenses associated with injuries is covered, you will need to carry Personal Injury Protection coverage.

Personal Injury Protection coverage also helps pay for your medical expenses. Unlike Auto Insurance Medical Coverage, however, Personal Injury Protection coverage pays for other expenses associated with the injury as well. For example, lost wages are definitely covered by Personal Injury Protection coverage. In addition, you can be compensated or pain and suffering associated with the injuries. In the event of death, funeral expenses are also covered with Personal Injury Protection.

Whether your state allows injuries from car accidents to be covered by general medical insurance or not, it is always a good idea to make certain you have additional coverage through your car insurance policy. Not only will this ensure that your injuries are covered, it will also protect those people that are riding in your vehicle that may not have insurance coverage and will protect you from liability if the accident is your fault.

My Husband Wants a Divorce – Examine Your Role in Your Marriage through Six Questions

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My husband wishes for a divorce”; that is a hard fact you have to accept regardless of whether you like it or not. Yet, it doesn’t have to ended that way. Here’s six questions you should consider to help you save your crumbling marriage.

Before the darkness of the night puts her into pensive mood, she looks at the ring around her finger. It was right there at the porch where he proposed to her. No, it wasnt like the movies. He brought nothing else to make the ambiance more romantic but still, she found it the sweetest thing he had done for her. But as she stares at the ring again, a teardrop falls onto her hand. Theyve had big fights recently. Musing on his gestures, justifications and preferences, she concludes, “My husband wants a divorce.”

Giving in to separation seems to be the easiest way out. But a wife who values the sacrament of matrimony will ask herself how she can satisfy her husband in different ways. In evaluating her role in their union, she must answer the questions stated below.

Do you thank him for addressing your familys needs?

Mens role in our society centers on providing for their families. Centuries ago, they go hunting in the forest and bring food for their families. Presently, with our gender fair programs, it may not be as emphasized as before but still, they would like to attain that feeling of accomplishment and pride for attending to the needs of his loved ones.

Do you give him enough silence?

Women tend to talk much more than men. When they are strained, confused or contemplative, they need minutes to think by themselves. Though this makes them difficult to figure out, they consider the quiet time golden. If he doesnt feel like chatting, dont force him. Though he isnt verbally communicating, he is still thinking.

Do you directly say what you want?

Another difference between men and women is how they convey their message. The former are straightforward while the latter beat around the bush. This unlikeness causes serious arguments and worse, it makes some wives say, “My husband wants a divorce.” Refrain from making long introductions or from letting him read between the lines always. Cut your introductions short and dont let him decipher your coded words. As much as you can, dont be ambiguous. You can still do it with tact.

Do you sometimes make the first move in lovemaking?

Lets face the fact that sex is important for men. Women who are boring in bed disappoint them. If you are too tired to make love, all you have to do is explain and be understood. Moreover, men dont want to be in the driving seat always. They want their partners to do their share of first moves as well. By the way, men love sexy underwear.

Do you let him hang out with his friends?

Like women, men need the company of friends. Talking about sports, cars, art and current events over some bottles of booze makes them realize there is a world outside their home. Dont get easily jealous with the time he spends with his friends. Otherwise, hell think you want to control his life.

Applicable Immigration Laws For Costa Rica

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Requirements for Immigrating to Costa Rica

Have you chosen the land of Pura Vida for residency? If yes, your decision is not wrong as indeed Costa Rica is one of the best places to live in but there are certain requirements which you need to fulfill and documents which you need to submit in order to fulfill this desire. This process must be started at least 3 months before you decide to depart and any request you make for Immigration to Costa Rica has to be directly submitted to the Costa Rican Consulate in your country.

Submit your applications which are addressed to the Director General Migration. If you cannot go personally, grant a power of attorney in Spanish which is both authentic and notarized to your representative who can sign the application form for immigration on your behalf and submit it.

Enclose your birth certificate which reflects the name of your parents.

Submit your marriage certificate if applicable.

Enclose the police certificate which should not be older than 6 months issued by the state of which you have been a resident for the past 2 years.

Submit a photocopy of the passport certified by the local consulate and authenticated by the notary public.

Enclose 4 passport size photographs which are recent with a clear picture of the fore head.

You can also apply, if eligible for your spouse and children who are under 18.Older children with a disability can also be applied for as dependents.

If you have a child between 18 to 25, they too can be considered as dependents if enrolled in a university.

If it is an entire family group applying, according to the Immigration Laws of Costa Rica, each members need an individual file though parents can sign the application on behalf of minor children.

If you plan to practice a profession there, enclose your educational qualifications and other documents that are relevant, apostilled and notarized by the state of your origin.

Opportunities in Costa Rica

If you have all the specified requirements, even though the paper work seems to be a tedious job, you can avail the help of a lawyer familiar with the process.

Many opportunities are available there and if you own a company by investing $200,000, you can generate good income from your investment.

Medical Lawyer Salary – Average

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Medical Lawyer Salary

The attorney or physician health facilities like hospitals and other medical facilities for the defense of a lawyer or a doctor’s charge that serves as a representative of the types of violations of the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the United States , 369,600 as legal adviser employment lawyer at all. The Super Lawyers involved in medicine, however, even in a private hospital, hospital staff, which has 50 notes here are again normal coroner BLS salary for the other group was significantly higher than the salary of the attorney.

Medical Lawyer Salary Average Salary

According to the BLS study, the average salary of a medical examiner who provides legal services on behalf of clients, including those involved in these cases, doctors and medical equipment, $ 136,530 a year from May 2010. The average wage of the hospital’s largest private $ 181,630 per year. Both figures are higher than the average salary for all lawyers, regardless of specialty. BLS under consideration indicates that the national average of $ 129 440 lawyers a year.

Medical Lawyer Salary Pay Scale

National to pay the legal fees of lawyers to provide more information. The average salary for jobs Medical Lawyers Lawyer BLS $ 112.760 and an average of 50 percent earning $ 165,470 pays $ 75,200. At least 10 percent of all attorneys’ fees. Balance between the last received data, which means that only the best health care lawyers hired lawyers to hospitals.

Medical Lawyer Salary – Location

Holiday also said that the doctor, lawyers and other lawyers would have done. BLS does not work the District of Columbia, the average salary lawyer Doctor, Lawyer on the spot. Lawyers is the average salary of $ 830 162 Delaware, California and New York also had to pay the majority of Member States. New York dos $ 150 510 average, while the Delaware and California received $ 151 to $ 750, 740 and 155, respectively.

Salary medical lawyer – Employment Opportunities

Business Outlook 2008-2018, lawyers continued steady growth over the time periods should be characterized. BLS projects in this area, the number of jobs is about 13% during this period. They are the most large companies in particular? The Office is becoming increasingly difficult to compete with companies, and independent lawyers. And ‘in this context, a positive business perspective you might expect, for example in the medical field has become increasingly significant experience?